Terpene Madness: Scientific Insights and Therapeutic Potential

The field of cannabis science distinguishes the constituents of the cannabis plant into three primary categories: cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. Among these, terpenes stand out not only for their role in conferring distinctive aromas and flavors to cannabis but also for their attributed medicinal properties.

The cumulative body of scientific research has begun to unravel the potential of terpenes in augmenting and refining the therapeutic contributions of cannabis consumption. It is noteworthy that terpenes are not exclusive to cannabis; they have been harnessed by humans for centuries in various applications, including industry, perfumery, pesticides, and cosmetics. Furthermore, the distinct terpene profiles of different plant varieties are the key to discerning subtle taste differentiations.

Myrcene: A Predominant Terpene

Myrcene, the most prevalent terpene in cannabis, is a noteworthy subject of scientific inquiry. This terpene is ubiquitously present in the majority of cannabis strains, with certain varieties boasting myrcene concentrations as high as 55%.

Beyond cannabis, myrcene is also found in mango, parsley, cloves, and various other plants. Its profile is responsible for both the sweet herbal aromas and the familiar tropical flavor associated with certain strains. Additionally, myrcene exhibits potential in mitigating pain, alleviating anxiety, and reducing inflammation. Intriguingly, it aids in the efficient passage of THC across the blood-brain barrier, thereby enhancing its bioavailability.

Caryophyllene: A Multi-Purpose Terpene

Caryophyllene, while fairly common in cannabis, is also produced in significant quantities in black pepper, cinnamon, and ylang ylang. Similar to myrcene, many cannabis strains contain substantial amounts of caryophyllene, albeit without the same extensive distribution.

This terpene emits an earthy and spicy woody aroma reminiscent of black pepper, accompanied by sweet and spicy notes. Scientific investigations have ascertained its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties, making it promising for individuals dealing with cancerous tumors. Moreover, caryophyllene aids in stabilizing blood sugar levels, reducing stress, and ameliorating anxiety.

Limonene: Citrus-Infused Therapeutic Potential

Limonene, a prevalent terpene in cannabis, lemon, lime, and various citrus fruits, primarily in their peels, is a subject of extensive medical research. This terpene is renowned for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-cancer properties, along with its anxiety-relieving effects. Humans have historically employed limonene in the formulation of detergents, pesticides, perfumes, and fragrances. Recent scientific investigations are expanding our understanding of its physiological effects, rendering it the most studied of the dominant terpenes in cannabis.

Humulene: Terpene with Diverse Botanical Origins

Humulene, another common terpene in cannabis, shares rich concentrations with certain tobacco types, sunflowers, and hops, which underscores the aromatic resemblance between these plants and cannabis. This terpene offers a complex profile with earthy, sour, sweet, and bitter notes, making it a valuable flavoring agent.

Additionally, humulene exhibits anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties, supported by scientific studies. Oral sprays containing humulene have demonstrated high efficacy in calming allergy outbreaks, while the terpene, administered via pine oil, has shown the ability to inhibit the development of cancer cells.

Ocimene: A Versatile Terpene

Ocimene, present in specific cannabis strains, as well as in Chinese figs, bergamot, parsley, basil, orchids, and certain berries, possesses a woody-citrus aroma with a sweet berry taste. Beyond its botanical appeal, ocimene serves as a natural pest control agent, effectively deterring aphids, moths, and various pests.

Additionally, it exhibits anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties, and preliminary studies suggest its potential in inhibiting specific strains of coronaviruses. Ocimene plays a multifaceted role in combating infectious fungi, ameliorating diabetes symptoms, and mitigating various forms of inflammation, while also demonstrating promise in addressing coronaviruses.

Nerolidol: A Multi-Purpose Terpene with Varied Botanical Occurrence

Nerolidol, a common terpene in cannabis, is also found in orange blossom, jasmine, tea, lemongrass, and ginger. This alcohol-based terpene imparts a woody and floral aroma with sweet, bitter, and spicy notes, making it suitable for use as a natural pesticide. Beyond pest control, nerolidol is employed in a myriad of applications, including natural sleep aids, cleaning products, disinfectants, perfumes, cosmetics, and medical formulations.

Notably, nerolidol displays therapeutic potential against human cancer cells, enhances subcutaneous drug absorption, and exhibits anti-fungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Moreover, it offers protection against brain damage associated with neurological diseases, and research has demonstrated its effectiveness against malaria. Furthermore, nerolidol aids in anxiety reduction and promotes better sleep.

Bisabolol: A Gentle and Beneficial Terpene

Bisabolol, also known as levomenol, is a terpene commonly found in cannabis, chamomile, dandelion, and various wildflowers. This liquid and thick alcohol-type terpene exudes a delicate, floral, and sweet aroma, which has led to its widespread use in perfumes and cosmetic products.

Additionally, bisabolol is recognized for its potential to soothe irritations, along with its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. This terpene has been observed to enhance the absorption of subcutaneous drugs. Furthermore, it relaxes digestive tract muscles, exhibits anti-epileptic properties, and is noted for its anxiety and stress-relief effects, akin to chamomile.

Terpinolene: A Rare Yet Valuable Terpene

Terpinolene is a relatively rare terpene, found in approximately 10% of cannabis genetics worldwide, but it is present in notable concentrations in nutmeg, lilac flowers, apples, cypress or pine trees, and cumin. Terpinolene is primarily utilized in the production of soaps, oils, and cosmetics, many of which feature a lilac scent. Its distinctive aroma combines woody notes reminiscent of fresh pine with a sweet lilac flower.

Despite its rarity, terpinolene is coveted for its medicinal properties. It induces relaxation and drowsiness, aids in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's and colitis, demonstrates antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-cancerous potential, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases.